Resumen Introducción: La afectación ganglionar es el principal factor pronóstico en cáncer de seno. Generalmente, pacientes mastectomizadas se somenten a linfadenectomia (LA) de ganglios linfáticos centinela micrometastásicos (GLCs), a pesar de la evidencia del ensayo AMAROS en ciertos casos para reemplazarla con radioterapia. Objetivo: Demostrar la importancia de la ecografía para detectar GLCs no metastásicos o micrometastásicos. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron132 pacientes sometidas a mastectomía. Se recomendó biopsia aspirativa con aguja fina (BAAF) por ultrasonido para ganglios linfáticos sospechosos. Se realizó Biopsia LA y biopsia de GLCs (BGLC) en pacientes con BAAF positiva y negativa, respectivamente. En casos positivos de BAAF o BGLC se ejecutó LA, excepto en presencia de células tumorales aisladas y GLCs. Se evaluó la carga tumoral posterior a LA en pacientes con BAAF negativa y BGLC positiva. La presencia de dos o menos GLC positivos se consideró carga baja. Resultados: La sensibilidad de BAAF para detectar nódulos linfáticos positivos en pacientes con alta carga tumoral fue del 93%; la especificidad fue del 79%. Valores predictivos positivo (60%) y negativo (79%). Conclusiones: Se podría haber evitado LA en 90% de pacientes mastectomizadas con BAAF negativa y baja carga tumoral que cumplían criterios AMAROS con alto VPN (79%).

Abstract Introduction: Lymph node involvement is the main prognostic factor in breast cancer. Mastectomized patients usually undergo lymphadenectomy (LA) of micrometastatic sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) despite the evidence of AMAROS trial to replace this therapy with radiotherapy in select cases. Objective: Demonstrate the ability of ultrasonography to detect non-metastatic or micrometastatic SLNs. Materials and methods: 132 patients who underwent mastectomy were evaluated. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was indicated for suspicious lymph nodes. LA and SNL biopsy (SLNB) were performed in patients with positive and negative FNAB, respectively. LA was performed in FNAB positive or SLNB positive cases, except in the presence of isolated tumor cells and micrometastatic SLNs. The tumor burden after LA in patients with negative FNAB and positive SLNB was measured; the presence of two or fewer positive SLNs was considered a low burden. Results: Sensitivity of FNAB for detecting positive lymph nodes in patients with a high tumor burden was 93% and specificity was 84%. Positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 60% and 79%, respectively. Conclusions: LA could have been avoided in 90% of mastectomized patients with negative FNAB and a low tumor burden who met the AMAROS criteria with a high NPV (79%).

Resumo Introdução: O comprometimento dos gânglios é o principal fator prognóstico no câncer de mama. Geralmente, pacientes mastectomizadas são submetidas a linfadenectomia (LA) de gânglios linfáticos sentinelas de micrometástases (GLSs), apesar da evidência do estudo AMAROS em certos casos para substituí-la por radioterapia. Objetivo: Demonstrar a importância da ultrassonografia na detecção de GLSs não metastáticos ou micrometástase. Materiais e métodos: Foram avaliadas 132 pacientes submetidas à mastectomia. A biópsia aspirativa com agulha fina (BAAF) ultrassônica foi recomendada para gânglios linfáticos suspeitos. A biópsia LA e a biópsia do GLSs (BGLS) foram realizadas em pacientes com BAAF positivo e negativo, respectivamente. Nos casos positivos de BAAF ou BGLS, a LA foi realizada, exceto na presença de células tumorais isoladas e GLSs. A carga tumoral após a LA foi avaliada em pacientes com BAAF negativa e BGLS positiva. A presença de dois ou menos GLS positivos foi considerada carga baixa. Resultados: A sensibilidade do BAAF para detectar linfonodos positivos em pacientes com alta carga tumoral foi de 93%; a especificidade foi de 79%. Valores preditivos positivos (60%) e negativos (79%). Conclusões: a LA poderia ter sido evitada em 90% das pacientes mastectomizadas com BAAF negativa e baixa carga tumoral que preencheram os critérios AMAROS com alto VPN (79%).

RESUMO Neste artigo buscamos analisar algumas especificidades da participação dos trabalhadores bolivianos na agricultura de Mendoza. A partir de uma abordagem interseccional nosso artigo constitui um estado da questão sobre os processos de segregação do trabalho desses migrantes na agricultura local. Para isso, inicialmente revisamos as contribuições teóricas dos estudos sobre a segregação do trabalho e sua vinculação com as populações migrantes. Em seguida, recuperamos os antecedentes dos migrantes bolivianos na Argentina e seus processos de inserção laboral. Para o fim, nos concentramos nos processos de segregação do trabalho na agricultura de Mendoza, onde abordamos a articulação desses migrantes ao trabalho agrícola sazonal, produção hortícola, emprego sazonal em fábricas de conservas e comércio em feiras. Este exercício nos permitirá resgatar o complexo mapa que surge da encruzilhada entre migrações e trabalho em territórios agrícolas, ao mesmo tempo em que evidencia as especificidades de cada atividade laboral em que os migrantes bolivianos constituem a maioria.

RESUMEN En este trabajo buscamos analizar algunas especificidades de la participación de trabajadoras/es bolivianas/os en Mendoza. Desde una perspectiva interseccional, nuestro artículo constituye un estado de la cuestión sobre los procesos de segregación laboral de estos migrantes en la agricultura local. Para ello inicialmente revisamos los aportes teóricos de los estudios sobre segregación laboral y su vinculación con las poblaciones migrantes. Luego recuperamos los antecedentes sobre migrantes bolivianos en Argentina y sus procesos de inserción laboral. Hacia el final, focalizamos en los procesos de segregación laboral en la agricultura de Mendoza, donde abordamos la articulación de estas/os migrantes al trabajo estacional agrícola, la producción hortícola, el empleo estacional en fábricas de conservas y el comercio en ferias. Este ejercicio nos permitirá restituir el complejo mapa que surge del cruce entre migraciones y trabajo en territorios agrícolas, a la vez que remarcar las especificidades de cada actividad laboral en la que las/os migrantes bolivianas/os constituyen una mayoría.

ABSTRACT In this article we seek to analyze some specificities of the participation of Bolivian workers in Mendoza. From an intersectional perspective, our article constitutes a state of the question on the processes of labor segregation of these migrants in local agriculture. To do this, we initially review the theoretical contributions of studies on labor segregation and its link with migrant populations. Then we recover the background on Bolivian migrants in Argentina and their labor insertion processes. Towards the end, we focus on the processes of labor segregation in the agriculture of Mendoza, where we address the articulation of these migrants to seasonal agricultural work, horticultural production, seasonal employment in cannery and fruit factories and trade fairs. This exercise will allow us to reestablish the complex map that arises from the intersection between migrations, work and agricultural production, while highlighting the specificities of each labor where Bolivian migrants are overrepresented.

Resumen Las aves son uno de los grupos faunísticos más diversos y funcionalmente relevantes de los eco sistemas de humedales. El sitio Ramsar Lagunas de Guanacache, Desaguadero y del Bebedero es un importante humedal de la región cuyana, inserto en la diagonal árida de Argentina. El objeti vo del trabajo fue caracterizar el ensamble de aves de un ambiente lagunar temporario: Lagunas de Guanacache, Desaguadero y del Bebedero, de acuerdo a su diversidad taxonómica y funcio nal (gremios tróficos), abundancia específica, estatus de residencia y estado de conservación. Los muestreos se realizaron en la época reproductiva del ensamble (enero-abril del 2008) por medio de registros visuales a través de puntos fijos de observación. Se registraron 45 especies, entre las que solo Phoenicopterus chilensis está categorizada como vulnerable. La baja diversi dad, baja equitatividad, baja riqueza de gremios tróficos, y el patrón de diversidad-dominancia de tipo logarítmico, son consistentes con etapas sucesionales tempranas del sistema.

Abstract Birds are one of the most diverse and functionally relevant fauna groups in wetland ecosystems. The Ramsar site “Lagunas de Guanacache, Desaguadero and del Bebedero” is an important wetland in the Cuyo region, inserted in the arid diagonal of Argentina. The objective of the work was to characterize the group of birds of a temporary lagoon environment: Laguna de Guanacache, Desaguadero and del Bebedero according to their taxonomic and functional diversity (trophic guilds), specific abundance, residence status and state of conservation. The samplings were recorded in the reproductive season of the ensemble (January-April 2008), by means of visual records through fixed observation points. Forty five species were registered, among which only Phoenicopterus chilensis is categorized as vulnerable. Low diversity, low equity, low trophic guild richness, and logarithmic-like diversity-dominance pattern are consistent with early successional stages of the system.

Resumen A partir de una aproximación etnográfica a los territorios agrícolas de Mendoza entre 2009 y 2018, en este trabajo busco analizar el modo en que los movimientos territoriales de migrantes laborales entre diversas regiones de Bolivia y algunas localidades rurales de la provincia han dado lugar a la construcción de territorialidades inmigratorias. Para ello, primeramente sintetizo la movilidad territorial que vincula a ambos países a partir de las trayectorias migratorias de trabajadoras/es bolivianas/os, y luego profundizo en los territorios de asentamiento permanente o transitorio de estas/os migrantes en algunas localidades rurales de Mendoza. Considero tres casos empíricos que resultan ejemplares de estas dinámicas: Cordón del Plata (Tupungato), Ugarteche (Luján de Cuyo) y 25 de Mayo (Maipú), localizaciones que tienen en común una importante presencia de migrantes bolivianos que se articulan en ciertos segmentos del mercado laboral, principalmente la agricultura. Esta aproximación nos posibilitará mostrar las particularidades que asume el proceso de reterritorialización efectuado por los migrantes bolivianos en dichos lugares, en el que construyen territorialidades únicas, cargadas de atributos objetivos y sentidos subjetivos que marcan su distintividad.

Abstract Based on an ethnographic fieldwork in the rural territories of Mendoza made between 2009 and the present, in this work I analyze the way in which the territorial movements of labor migrants between different regions of Bolivia and some rural locations of this province, have given place to the construction of migratory territorialities. To that end, I first synthesize the territorial mobility that links both countries based on the migratory trajectories of Bolivian workers, and then I focus on the territories of permanent or transitory settlement of these migrants in some rural areas of Mendoza. I consider three empirical cases that are exemplary of these dynamics: Ugarteche (Lujan de Cuyo), Cordon del Plata (Tupungato) and 25 de Mayo (Maipu); locations that have in common an important presence of Bolivian migrants that articulate in certain segments of the labor market, mainly the agriculture. This approach will allow us to show the particularities assumed by the process of reterritorialization carried out by Bolivian migrants in these places, process in which they build unique territorialities, charged with objective attributes and subjective senses that mark their distinctiveness.

Resumo A partir de uma aproximação etnográfica nos territórios agrícolas de Mendoza entre 2009 e o presente. Neste trabalho busco analisar o modo em que os movimentos territoriais de migrantes laborais entre diversas regiões da Bolívia e algumas localidades rurais da província, têm dado origem à construção de territorialidades imigratórias. Para isto, primeiramente sintetizo a mobilidade territorial que vincula ambos os países a partir das trajetórias migratórias de trabalhadores bolivianos, e depois aprofundo nos territórios de assentamento permanente ou transitório destes migrantes em algumas localidades rurais de Mendoza. Considero três casos empíricos que resultam exemplares destas dinâmicas: Cordón del Plata (Tupungato), Ugarteche (Luján de Cuyo) e 25 de Mayo (Maipú); localizações que tem em comum uma importante presença de migrantes bolivianos que se articulam em certos segmentos do mercado laboral, principalmente a agricultura. Esta aproximação nos possibilitará mostrar as particularidades que assume o processo de reterritorialização efetuado pelos migrantes bolivianos em ditos lugares, processo no que se constroem territorialidades únicas, carregadas de atributos objetivos e sentidos subjetivos que marcam sua distintividade.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The lack of highly-productive Nyssorhynchus darlingi laboratory colonies limits some studies. We report the first well-established laboratory colony of Ny. darlingi in Brazil. METHODS: Mosquitoes were collected from Porto Velho and were reared at the Laboratory of Fiocruz/RO. After induced mating by light stimulation in the F1 to F6, the subsequent generations were free mating. Larvae were reared in distilled water and fed daily until pupation. RESULTS: In 11 generations, the colony produced a high number of pupae after the F5 generation. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the potential for permanently establishing Ny. darlingi colonies for research purposes in Brazil.

Abstract Based on an ethnographic fieldwork carried out between 2009 and 2013, this paper deals with the practices that Bolivian workers and intermediaries keep in an informal hiring space, as mechanisms tending to articulate competing interests based on different negotiation modalities. The field work revealed that the conditions of sale of the labor capacity is determined by the "piece price", amount negotiated depending on the state of the plantations and based on certain parameters, such as the quantity and size of the fruits, and extension of the farms. He also remark that the cyclical demand for work gave rise to moments of “high” and “low” in the demand for work, generating differential negotiation skills among the actors involved. The characterization of these processes will explain the construction of a local labor market, which supplies the labor needs of a diversified agriculture, organized by different logics and oriented to different markets, for which it uses a heterogeneous set of workers than relate in specific places and through different types of intermediation.

Resumen A partir de un trabajo de campo etnográfico efectuado entre 2009 y 2013, este artículo aborda las prácticas que entablan cuadrilleros y trabajadoras/es bolivianas/os en un espacio de contratación informal, en tanto mecanismos tendientes a articular intereses en pugna a partir de distintas modalidades de negociación. El trabajo de campo reveló que las condiciones de venta de la capacidad laboral se encuentran determinadas por el “precio del destajo”, monto negociado en función del estado de las plantaciones y a partir de ciertos parámetros, como la cantidad y calibre de los frutos, y extensión de las fincas. Asimismo, puso de relieve que la demanda cíclica de trabajo daba lugar a momentos de “alta” y de “baja” en la demanda de trabajo, generando diferenciales capacidades de negociación entre los actores involucrados. La caracterización de estos procesos permitirá restituir la construcción de un mercado de trabajo local, que suple las necesidades de mano de obra de una agricultura diversificada, organizada mediante distintas lógicas y orientada a diversos mercados, para lo cual recurre a un conjunto heterogéneo de trabajadoras/es que convergen y se relacionan en sitios específicos y a través de distintas modalidades de intermediación.

BACKGROUND Nyssorhynchus dunhami, a member of the Nuneztovari Complex, has been collected in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru and described as zoophilic. Although to date Ny. dunhami has not been documented to be naturally infected by Plasmodium, it is frequently misidentified as other Oswaldoi subgroup species that are local or regional malaria vectors. OBJECTIVES The current study seeks to verify the morphological identification of Nuneztovari Complex species collected in the peri-Iquitos region of Amazonian Peru, to determine their Plasmodium infection status, and to describe ecological characteristics of their larval habitats. METHODS We collected Ny. nuneztovari s.l. adults in 2011-2012, and Ny. nuneztovari s.l. larvae and adults in 2016-2017. When possible, samples were identified molecularly using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcode sequencing. Adult Ny. nuneztovari s.l. from 2011-2012 were tested for Plasmodium using real-time PCR. Environmental characteristics associated with Ny. nuneztovari s.l. larvae-positive water bodies were evaluated. FINDINGS We collected 590 Ny. nuneztovari s.l. adults and 116 larvae from eight villages in peri-Iquitos. Of these, 191 adults and 111 larvae were identified by COI sequencing; all were Ny. dunhami. Three Ny. dunhami were infected with P. falciparum, and one with P. vivax, all collected from one village on one night. Ny. dunhami larvae were collected from natural and artificial water bodies, and their presence was positively associated with other Anophelinae larvae and amphibians, and negatively associated with people living within 250m. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Of Nuneztovari Complex species, we identified only Ny. dunhami across multiple years in eight peri-Iquitos localities. This study is, to our knowledge, the first report of natural infection of molecularly identified Ny. dunhami with Plasmodium. We advocate the use of molecular identification methods in this region to monitor Ny. dunhami and other putative secondary malaria vectors to more precisely evaluate their importance in malaria transmission.

This paper attempts to explore the potential of a qualitative and comparative approach regarding the differential trayectories of Bolivian women who live in the province of Mendoza and work in two segments of the labor market aimed at recent immigrants, such as agriculture in rural contexts and informal trade in urban spaces. From a gender perspective, we analyzed the migratory and labor trajectories of these women from two researches, conducted between 2010 and today in Ugarteche (district of Luján de Cuyo that demands agricultural workers) and Belgrano (urban district of Guaymallén department of Mendoza, where trade it has a strong weight emplaced in public spaces). Thus, we seek to articulate some research findings based on different labor contexts and spatial units, which share some relevant dimensions, such as temporary research unit, the methodology used, the places of origin of respondents and their age groups.

El presente trabajo intenta explorar las potencialidades de un abordaje cuali-comparativo de las trayectorias diferenciales de mujeres bolivianas que residen actualmente en la provincia de Mendoza y se desempeñan en dos segmentos del mercado de trabajo destinados a migrantes recientes, como lo son la agricultura en contextos rurales y el comercio informal en espacios urbanos. Desde una perspectiva de género, analizamos las trayectorias migratorias y laborales de estas mujeres a partir de dos investigaciones realizadas entre 2010 y la actualidad en Ugarteche (distrito de Luján de Cuyo que convoca a trabajadores/as agrícolas) y Belgrano (distrito urbano de Guaymallén, departamento del Gran Mendoza, donde tiene un fuerte peso el comercio en ferias emplazadas en espacios públicos). Así, buscamos poner en diálogo algunos hallazgos de investigación basados en distintos contextos laborales y espaciales, que comparten algunas dimensiones relevantes, como la unidad temporal de investigación, la metodología empleada, los lugares de procedencia de las entrevistadas y sus grupos de edad.

Human duality has been examined from a variety of perspectives, but the originality of the present paper resides in the view obtained from an analysis based on Jung’s theory of archetypes. This paper will explore the Shadow archetype as the key component to understanding the main aspects of Stevenson’s novel The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, as well as the framework of duality in humankind.

La dualidad de la humanidad siempre ha sido estudiada desde muchas perspectivas, pero la originalidad de nuestro estudio reside en la perspectiva sustraída a base de la teoría de Jung de los arquetipos. Este artículo examinará el arquetipo de la sombra como figura principal para compender los aspectos más relevantes de la novela de Stevenson El extraño caso del Dr. Jekyll y Mr. Hyde, así como la estructura de la dualidad en el ser humano.

The article explores how the literature on 'failed states' (re)produces the modern state as a regulatory ideal, obscuring its contingent character and its violent foundation. So, discursive practices, based on an Eurocentric account, construct the 'failed state' as deviant. The resultant hierarchy of states, in turn, creates favorable conditions for interventionist practices, whose agents are depicted as members of a 'progressive' and 'benevolent' 'international community'. As state failure is interpreted as exclusively domestic process, a well-demarcated boundary between the domestic level of 'anarchy' and the international realm of 'order' and 'progress' results. This article shows that the traditional image of an anarchical system versus an ordered and progressive state is turned on its head when viewed from the perspective of 'failed states'. In the latter, domestic anarchy is contrary to a modernizing international realm. By labelling the 'other' as 'traditional', 'failed', and 'backward' in distinction to a 'modern', 'successful' and 'progressive' international, the dominant discourse conditions us to conceive of these realms as homogeneous in themselves and radically different from each other, rather than as liminal areas with numerous ambiguities and overlaps.

We describe a simple method for detection of Plasmodium vivaxand Plasmodium falciparum infection in anophelines using a triplex TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (18S rRNA). We tested the assay on Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles stephensi colony mosquitoes fed withPlasmodium-infected blood meals and in duplicate on field collected An. darlingi. We compared the real-time PCR results of colony-infected and field collected An. darlingi, separately, to a conventional PCR method. We determined that a cytochromeb-PCR method was only 3.33% as sensitive and 93.38% as specific as our real-time PCR assay with field-collected samples. We demonstrate that this assay is sensitive, specific and reproducible.

The use of eco-friendly mulch materials as alternatives to the standard polyethylene (PE) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. Consequently, a comparison of mulch materials from different origins is necessary to evaluate their feasibility. Several researchers have compared the effects of mulch materials on each crop variable through univariate analysis (ANOVA). However, it is important to focus on the effect of these materials on fruit quality, because this factor decisively influences the acceptance of the final product by consumers and the industrial sector. This study aimed to analyze the information supplied by a randomized complete block experiment combined over two seasons, a principal component analysis (PCA) and a cluster analysis (CA) when studying the effects of mulch materials on the quality of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). The study focused on the variability in the quality measurements and on the determination of mulch materials with a similar response to them. A comparison of the results from both types of analysis yielded complementary information. ANOVA showed the similarity of certain materials. However, considering the totality of the variables analyzed, the final interpretation was slightly complicated. PCA indicated that the juice color, the fruit firmness and the soluble solid content were the most influential factors in the total variability of a set of 12 juice and fruit variables, and CA allowed us to establish four categories of treatment: plastics (polyethylene - PE, oxo- and biodegradable materials), papers, manual weeding and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straw. Oxobiodegradable and PE were most closely related based on CA.

O artigo aborda os dilemas enfrentados pelos atores internacionais nas operações de paz levadas a cabo na Somália na década de 1990. Busca-se evidenciar as narrativas divergentes articuladas pelos Estados Unidos e pelas Nações Unidas vis-à-vis o "Outro" somali. Sugere-se que os principais dilemas experimentados pela ONU e pelos Estados Unidos na Somália não foram de natureza técnica, concernente a problemas de coordenação entre as principais forças envolvidas, como usualmente se argumenta. Diferentemente, argumenta-se que existiu uma disputa de natureza política entre os Estados Unidos e a ONU na Somália, amparada por discursos distintos sobre o "Outro" somali.

The article approaches the dilemmas experienced by international agents in peace operations deployed in Somalia during the 1990s. It highlights the diverging narratives used by international actors (United States and United Nations) vis-à-vis the Somali "Other". It is argued that the main dilemmas experienced during UN and US operations in Somalia were not of technical nature, concerning coordination problems between the main forces involved, as usually claimed. Differently, the article identifies a dispute of political nature between the United States and the UN, created by their divergent conceptions on the Somali "Other"

Mulch materials of different origins have been introduced into the agricultural sector in recent years alternatively to the standard polyethylene due to its environmental impact. This study aimed to evaluate the multivariate response of mulch materials over three consecutive years in a processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) crop in Central Spain. Two biodegradable plastic mulches (BD1, BD2), one oxo-biodegradable material (OB), two types of paper (PP1, PP2), and one barley straw cover (BS) were compared using two control treatments (standard black polyethylene [PE] and manual weed control [MW]). A total of 17 variables relating to yield, fruit quality, and weed control were investigated. Several multivariate statistical techniques were applied, including principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis. A group of mulch materials comprised of OB and BD2 was found to be comparable to black polyethylene regarding all the variables considered. The weed control variables were found to be an important source of discrimination. The two paper mulches tested did not share the same treatment group membership in any case: PP2 presented a multivariate response more similar to the biodegradable plastics, while PP1 was more similar to BS and MW. Based on our multivariate approach, the materials OB and BD2 can be used as an effective, more environmentally friendly alternative to polyethylene mulches.